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The field of research studies increased quickly, with various books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of have concentrated on developing a "manga expression theory", with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, differentiating the medium from film or literature, in which the circulation of time is the fundamental arranging element.
The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's in 1983 led to the spread of usage of the word manga outside Japan to indicate "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics". Coulton Waugh tried the first extensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947 ). More Details (1985) and Scott Mc, Cloud's (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics.
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Popular American attempts at meanings of comics consist of Eisner's, Mc, Cloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the plan of images or images and words to tell a story or dramatize a concept"; Scott Mc, Cloud defined comics as "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in intentional sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic action in the audience", a strictly official definition which separated comics from its historical and cultural trappings.
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Harvey specified comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (typically lettered into the photo area within speech balloons) normally add to the meaning of the images and vice versa". Each definition has actually had its critics. Harvey saw Mc, Cloud's meaning as leaving out single-panel cartoons, and objected to Mc, Cloud's de-emphasizing spoken components, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of spoken content".